Organic Chemistry/Glossary

> Glossary

---

A

• Acetal -

• Acetyl -

• Achiral -A group containing atleast two identical substituents.

• Acid anhydride -Hydrocarbon containing two carbonyl groups.Acyl group attached with carboxylate group.eg- RCOOCOR'

• Acid halide -Acyl group with any halogen attached with carbon of carbonyl group.eg.- RCO-X(X=F,Cl,Br,I).

• Acidity constant K_a -

• Activating group -Any group which activate any molecule by increasing positive or negative charge on carbon atom.Mainly towards neucleophilic or electrophilic substitution reactions.

• Activation energy -The energy required to reactants to cross energy barrier to undergo any chemical change.denoted by E_a.

• Acyl group -A group having alkyl or aryl group with a carbonyl group RCO-

• Adam's catalyst -

• Addition reaction - A reaction where a product is created from the coming together of 2 reactants.

• Alcohol - A saturated hydrocarbon chain with an -OH functional group.

• Aldehyde -A hydrocarbon containing atleast one carbonyl gp having one hydrogen attached to it.(>C=O)

• Aldol reaction -When two similar aldehydes are reacted with each other,a product having both aldehyde(>C=O) and alcohol() group is formed.This reaction is called aldol reaction.

• Aliphatic - A non-cyclic, non-aromatic, hydrocarbon chain (e.g. alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes)

• Alkane - A hydrocarbon with all the carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds.

• Alkene - A hydrocarbon with at least one carbon-carbon bond is a double-bond.

• Alkoxide ion - The conjugate base of an alcohol without the terminal H atom. For any alcohol R-OH, the corresponding alkoxide form is R-O^-.

• Alkyl -A hydrocarbon having formula C_nH_2n+1

• Alkylation -addition of alkyl group in a compound.

• Alkyne -An unsaturated hydrocarbon containog triple bond.and having general formula C_nH_2n-2

• Allyl -

• α Position -Carbon attached to a functional group is called α-carbon and the position is known as α position.

• α-carbon -Carbon attached to a functional group is called α-carbon

• Amide -A hydrocarbon containing amnine group attached to acyl group. eg.- RCONH₂

• Amine -A simple hydrocarbon containing atleast one -NH₂ group.

• Amino Acid -a fundamental unit of polypeptides or proteins.having general formula-COOHRCHNH₂.eg.- glysine,alanine etc.

• Anti conformation -

• Anti periplaner -

• Anti stereochemistry -

• Anti bonding molecular orbital -Molecular orbitals having higher energy than bonding molecular orbitals after combination of atomic orbitals.denoted by an astric over Sigma or pi notations.

• Arene -

• Aromacity -

• Atomic mass -total no of nucleon i.e. no. of proton and no. of neutrons.It is denoted by A.

• Atomic number -Total no. of protons is called atomic no.

• Axial bond -the bond parellel or anti parellel to axial coordinate passing center of gravity.

• Azide synthesis -

• Azo compound -compound containing -N=N group.

B

• Benzoyl Group -

• Benzyl Group -

• Benzylic -

• β position -

• β-carbon -

• Bicylcoalkane - A compound containing two cyclic rings.

• Bimolecular reaction - A second order reaction where the concentration of two compounds determine the reaction rate.

• Boat cyclohexane - A less-stable conformation of cyclohexane that somewhat resembles a boat.

• Bond -

• Bond angle -

• Bond length -

• Bond strength -

• Bonding molecular orbital -

• Bromonium ion -

• Brønsted-Lowry Acid -

• Brønsted-Lowry Base -

C

• Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priorities - A rule for assigning priorities to substituents off of carbon in a double-bond or in a chiral center.

• Carbocation -

• Carbonyl -

• Carboxylation -

• Carboxylic acid -

• Chain reaction -

• Chair cyclohexane -

• Chiral -

• Chiral center -

• Chromatography -

• Cis-trans isomers -

• Claisen condensation reaction -

• Claisen rearrangement reaction -

• Concerted -

• Configuration -

• Conformation -

• Conformer -

• Conjugate acid -

• Conjugate base -

• Conjugation -

• Covalent bond -

• Cracking -

• Cycloaddition reaction -

• Cycloalkane -

D

• Debye -

• Decarboxylation -

• Delocalization - The ability of electrons to spread out among pi bonds to provide stabilization to electronically unstable areas of a molecule.

• Dextrorotatory -

• Diastereomers - Two or more isomers of a molecule which are not enantiomers of one another.

• 1,3 Diaxial interaction - The steric intereaction between two methyl or larger groups attached at the 1 and 3 cis positions of cyclohexanes. The cyclohexane is in a higher energy state in the ring flip conformation that results in both 1 and 3 positions being axial due to steric strain between the 2 groups. This strain does not exist when hydrogens are bonded at these positions.

• Diels-Alder reaction -

• Dienophile -

• Dipolar -

• Dipole moment -

• Disulfide -

• Downfield - A term used to describe the left direction on NMR charts. A peak to the left of another peak is described as being downfield from the peak.

E

• E geometry -

• E1 reaction -

• E2 reaction -

• Eclipsed conformation -

• Eclipsing strain -

• Electron -

• Electron configuration -

• Electron-dot structure -

• Electron shell -

• Electronegativity -

• Electrophile - Literally, electron lover. A positively or neutrally charged reagent that forms bonds by accepting electrons from a nucleophile. Elecrophiles are Lewis Acids.

• Electrophilic addition reaction -

• Electrophilic aromatic substitution -

• Elimination reaction - A reaction where atoms and/or functional groups are removed from a reactant.

• Endergonic - In an endergonic process, work is done on the system, and ΔG⁰ > 0, so the process is nonspontaneous. An exergonic process is the opposite: ΔG⁰ < 0, so the process is spontaneous.

• Endothermic -

• Enol -

• Enolate ion -

• Entgegen - German word meaning "opposite". Represented by E in the E/Z naming system of alkenes.

• Enthalpy -

• Entropy -

• Equatorial bond -

• Ester -

• Ether -

• Exergonic -

• Exothermic -

F

• Fingerprint region -

• First order reaction - A reaction whose rate is determined by the concentration of only one of its reactants leading to a reaction rate equation of $Rate=k[X]$

• Fischer projection -

• Formal Charge -

• Friedel-Crafts reaction -

• Functional group -

G

• Geminal -

• Gibbs free energy -

• Gilman reagent -

• Glycol -

• Glycolysis -

• Grignard reagent -

• Ground state -

H

• Halohydrin formation -

• Hammond postulate -

• Hemiacetal -

• Hemiaminal -

• Heterocycle - A cyclic molecule with more than 2 types of atoms as part of the ring. (e.g. Furan, a 5-membered ring with four carbons and one oxygen, or a Pyran, a 6-membered ring with five carbons and one oxygen)

• HOMO - Acronym for Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital.

• Homolytic cleavage - Where bond breaks leaving each atom with one of the bonding electrons, producing two radicals.

• Hybrid orbital -

• Hydration -

• Hybride shift -

• Hydroboration - A reaction adding BH₃ or B₂H₆ or an alkylborane to an alkene to produce intermediate products consisting of 3 alkyl groups attached to a boron atom. This molecule is then used in other reactions, for example, to create an alcohol by reacting it with H₂O₂ in a basic solution.

• Hydrocarbon - A molecule consisting of hydrogens and carbons.

• Hydrogen bond -

• Hydrogenation - Addition of a hydrogen atoms to an alkene or alkane to produce a saturated product.

• Hydrophilic - literally, "water loving". In chemistry, these are molecules that are soluble in water.

• Hydrophobic - literally, "water fearing". In chemistry, molecules that aren't soluble in water.

• Hydroxylation -

• Hyperconjugation -

I

• Imide -

• Imine -

• Infrared spectroscopy -

• Intermediate -

• Isomer -

• Isotope -

• IUPAC - Acronym for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

• IUPAC Nomenclature - The international standard set of rules for naming molecules.

K

• Kekulé structure -

• Keto-enol tautomerism -

• Ketone -

L

• Leaving group -

• Levorotatory -

• Lewis acid - A reagent that accepts a pair of electrons form a covalent bond. (see also Lewis Acids and Bases)

• Lewis base - A reagent that forms covalent bonds by donating a pair of electrons. (see also Lewis Acids and Bases)

• Lewis structure -

• Lindlar catalyst -

• Line-bond structure -

• Lone pair electrons -

• LUMO - Acronym for Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital

M

• Markovnikov's rule - States that "when an unsymmetrical alkene reacts with a hydrogen halide to give an alkyl halide, the hydrogen adds to the carbon of the alkene that has the greater number of hydrogen substituents, and the halogen to the carbon of the alkene with the fewer number of hydrogen substituents."

• Mass number -

• Mass spectrometry -

• Mechanism -

• Meso compound -

• Meta -

• Methylene group -

• Molality - A measure of the concentration of a solute in a solvent given by moles of solute per kg of solvent.

• Molarity - A measure of the concentration, given by moles of solute per liter of solution (solute and solvent mixed).

• Mole - A measure of a substance that is approximately Avogadro's Number (6.022×10²³) of molecules of the substance. More simply, calculate the molecule's atomic mass and that many grams of the substance is a mole.

• Molecule -

• Monomer -

N

• Nitrile -

• NMR - See Nuclear magnetic resonance.

• Non-bonding electrons -

• Normality -

• Nuclear magnetic resonance -

• Nucleophile - Literally, nucleus lover. A negatively or neutrally charged reagent that forms a bond with an electrophile by dontating both bonding electrons. Nucleophiles are Lewis Bases.

• Nucleophilic addition reaction -

• Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction -

• Nucleophilic substitution reaction - A reaction in which a halide is removed from a molecule and replaced with a nucleophile.

• Nucleophilicity -

O

• Optical isomer -

• Optical activity -

• Orbital -

• Ortho -

• Oxidation -

• Oxime -

• Oxymercuration reduction reaction -

P

• Para -

• Pauli exclusion principle -

• Pericyclic reaction -

• Periplanar -

• Peroxide -

• Peroxyacid -

• Phenol -

• Phenyl -

• Pi bond -

• Polar aprotic solvent -

• Polar covalent bond -

• Polar protic solvent -

• Polar reaction -

• Polarity -

• Polarizability -

• Primary -

• Prochiral -

• Prochirality center -

• Protic solvent -

R

• R group -

• R,S convention -

• Racemic mixture -

• Radical -

• Radical reaction -

• Rate constant -

• Rate equation -

• Rate-limiting step -

• re face -

• Reducation -

• Regiochemistry -

• Regioselectivity -

• Resonance form -

• Resonance hybrid -

• Ring-flip -

S

• Saponification -

• Saturated -

• Saytzeff's Rule - See Zaitsev's rule

• Second order reaction - A reaction whose rate is dependent on the concentration of two reactants, leading to a reaction rate of $Rate=k[X][Y]$

• Secondary -

• si face -

• Side chain -

• Sigma bond -

• Simmons-Smith reaction -

• S_N1 reaction -

• S_N2 reaction -

• Solvation -

• Solvent -

• sp orbital -

• sp² orbital -

• sp³ orbital -

• Spin-spin splitting -

• Staggered conformation -

• Stereochemistry -

• Stereoisomer -

• Steric hinderance -

• Steric strain -

• Substitution reaction - Reactions where one functional groups is replaced with another functional group.

• Symmetry plane -

• Syn addition -

• Syn periplanar -

T

• Tautomers -

• Tertiary -

• Thioester -

• Thiol -

• Thiolate ion -

• Torisional strain -

• Tosylate -

• Transition state -

• Twist-boat conformation -

U

• Ultraviolet spectroscopy -

• Unsaturated -

• Upfield - A term used to describe the right direction on NMR charts. A peak to the right of another peak is described as being upfield from the peak.

V

• Valence bond theory -

• Valence electrons -

• Valence shell -

• Van der Waals forces -

• Vicinal -

• Vinyl -

• Vinylic -

W, X, Y, Z

• Zaitsev's rule - In elimination reactions, the major reaction product is the alkene with the more highly substituted double bond. This most-substituted alkene is also the most stable.

• Zussamen - German word meaning "together". Represented by Z in the E/Z naming system of alkenes. Simple mnemonic, Z=Zame Zide (Same Side).